英汉词典

hard 基本解释

• adj. 努力的；硬的；困难的；辛苦的；确实的；严厉的；猛烈的；冷酷无情的
• adv. 努力地；困难地；辛苦地；接近地；猛烈地；牢固地
• n. (Hard)人名；(英、芬、瑞典)哈德

hard 词态变化

hard 中文词源

来自古英语heard,坚固的，坚硬的，固定的，来自PIE*ker,硬的，词源同democracy,aristocracy.由坚硬的引申词义顽强的，耐受的，环境艰苦的，困难的等多种词义。可能来自PIE*sker,弯，转，编织，词源同cradle,crown.由编织引申词义团结，坚固。

hard 英文词源

hard

hard: [OE] Hard comes ultimately from a prehistoric Indo-European *krátus, which denoted ‘power, strength’. This original meaning was carried over into Greek krátos ‘strength, power, authority’ (source of the ending -cracy in such English words as democracy and plutocracy), but the Germanic languages took it over mainly in the sense ‘resistant to physical pressure’.

The prehistoric Germanic form *kharthuz produced, besides English hard, German hart, Dutch hard, Swedish hård, and Danish haard. The sense ‘difficult’, incidentally, developed in the 14th and 15th century from the notion ‘resistant to one’s efforts’. A Germanic derived verb *kharthjan ‘harden’ was borrowed into Old French as hardir ‘embolden’, and its past participle hardi ‘bold’ reached English as hardy [13].

Its main modern sense, ‘robust, tough’, presumably a harking back to its distant English relative hard, developed in the 16th century.
=> hardy

hard (adj.)

Old English heard "solid and firm, not soft," also, "difficult to endure, carried on with great exertion," also, of persons, "severe, rigorous, harsh, cruel," from Proto-Germanic *hardu- (cognates: Old Saxon hard, Old Frisian herd, Dutch hard, Old Norse harðr "hard," Old High German harto "extremely, very," German hart, Gothic hardus "hard"), from PIE *kortu- (cognates: Greek kratos "strength," kratys "strong"), suffixed form of root *kar-/*ker- "hard."

Meaning "difficult to do" is from c. 1200. Of water, in reference to the presence of mineral salts, 1650s; of consonants, 1775. Hard of hearing preserves obsolete Middle English sense of "having difficulty in doing something." In the sense "strong, spiritous, fermented" from 1789 (as in hard cider, etc.), and this use probably is the origin of that in hard drugs (1955). Hard facts is from 1853; hard news in journalism is from 1918. Hard copy (as opposed to computer record) is from 1964; hard disk is from 1978; the computer hard drive is from 1983. Hard times "period of poverty" is from 1705. Hard money (1706) is specie, as opposed to paper. Hence 19c. U.S. hard (n.) "one who advocates the use of metallic money as the national currency" (1844). To play hard to get is from 1945. Hard rock as a pop music style recorded from 1967. To do something the hard way is from 1907.

hard (adv.)

Old English hearde "firmly, severely," from hard (adj.). Meaning "with effort or energy, with difficulty" is late 14c.

hard 词组搭配

hard 英文释义

1. not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure;

"a difficult task"

"nesting places on the cliffs are difficult of access"

"difficult times"

"a difficult child"

"found himself in a difficult situation"

"why is it so hard for you to keep a secret?"

2. metaphorically hard;

"a hard fate"

"took a hard look"

"a hard bargainer"

"a hard climb"

3. not yielding to pressure or easily penetrated;

"hard as rock"

4. very strong or vigorous;

"strong winds"

"a hard left to the chin"

"a knockout punch"

"a severe blow"

5. characterized by toilsome effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort;

"worked their arduous way up the mining valley"

"a grueling campaign"

"hard labor"

"heavy work"

"heavy going"

"spent many laborious hours on the project"

"set a punishing pace"

6. of speech sounds

7. of a drinker or drinking; indulging intemperately;

"does a lot of hard drinking"

"a heavy drinker"

8. having undergone fermentation;

"hard cider"

9. having a high alcoholic content;

"hard liquor"

10. unfortunate or hard to bear;

"had hard luck"

"a tough break"

11. dried out;

"hard dry rolls left over from the day before"

hard 同义词解析

difficult, hard

这两个形容词均有"困难"之意。

difficult比hard较为正式，侧重需要特别的能力、智力、判断力、技巧或勇气才能克服障碍。也可指深奥或抽象的难题。

hard： 含义广，通俗用词，与easy相对，泛指任何难理解，不好处理或不易做的事。

firm, hard, solid

这些形容词都可表示"坚定的，结实的"之意。

firm： 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性，一旦变形会很快恢复原形。

hard： 侧重有抗拒压力或拉力的性质，但不一定有弹性。

solid： 着重质地紧密、坚实和无间隙，含有在外部压力下仍可保持原有形状的意味。

hard 双语例句

1. When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing.

当生活很艰难，你想要放弃的时候，请记住，生活充满了起起落落，如果没有低谷，那站在高处也失去了意义。

来自

2. Talent, hard work and sheer tenacity are all crucial to career success.

事业要成功，才能、勤奋和顽强的意志都至关重要。

来自柯林斯例句

3. The federal government hiked the tax on hard liquor.

联邦政府提高了烈性酒的税率。

来自柯林斯例句

4. People are having to think hard about their holiday plans.

人们现在得仔细地琢磨自己的度假计划。

来自柯林斯例句

5. Many parents find it hard to discourage bad behaviour.

很多父母觉得要孩子循规蹈矩是件很难的事情。

来自柯林斯例句

hard 实用场景例句

I wanted her and she was playing hard to get.

我想得到她，但她却故意装出不感兴趣的样子。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

California's been particularly hard hit by the recession.

加利福尼亚受经济衰退的影响尤为严重。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The talks had been hard going at the start.

会谈从一开始就举步维艰。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The hall porter was feeling hard done by at having to extend his shift.

酒店行李搬运工因为被迫延长当班时间而愤愤不平。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Paradise Street was a short, crowded street near the railway station and hard by the factory.

天堂街是火车站附近一条拥挤的小街道，离该工厂很近。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

There are probably fewer hard facts about the life of Henry Purcell than that of any other great composer since the Renaissance.

有关亨利·普赛尔生平的可靠资料可能比任何其他文艺复兴以来的伟大作曲家都要少。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

He wanted more hard evidence...

他想要更多确凿的证据。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The sea was a hard blue.

大海呈一片耀眼的蓝色。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

I am expecting a long, hard winter.

我估计冬天会漫长而寒冷。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...a prolonged period of hard frost...

漫长的强霜冻期

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Those were hard times.

那些岁月是非常艰难的。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

It had been a hard life for her...

对她而言，那是一段非常艰苦的生活。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

These last four years have been hard on them.

过去的这四年里他们吃了不少苦。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

The grey light was hard on the eyes...

光线暗淡对眼睛不利。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Don't be so hard on him.

别对他太苛刻了。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Kate realized that the previous hard look on Maggie's face had been a mask.

凯特意识到玛吉原先的那副冷酷表情其实是装出来的。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

His father was a hard man...

他的父亲是个冷酷无情的人。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

It was snowing hard by then.

当时雪下得很大。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

I've never seen Terry laugh so hard...

我从未见过特里如此放声大笑。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

I kicked a dustbin very hard and broke my toe.

我狠狠地踢了一脚垃圾箱，结果脚趾骨折了。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

He looked at me hard...

他使劲盯着我看。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

You had to listen hard to hear the old man breathe...

你要仔细听才能听见老人的呼吸声。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

...a hard day's work...

一天的辛苦工作

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Coping with three babies is very hard work...

照顾3个宝宝是非常累人的活儿。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Am I trying too hard?

我是不是努力过头了？

柯林斯高阶英语词典

I'll work hard. I don't want to let him down...

我会努力工作，我不想让他失望。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

She found it hard to accept some of the criticisms directed towards her and her work...

她发现某些针对自己和自己工作的批评意见很难接受。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

It's hard to tell what effect this latest move will have...

很难说最近这次行动会有什么结果。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

Something cold and hard pressed into the back of his neck.

一个冰冷梆硬的东西顶在了他的脖梗儿上。

柯林斯高阶英语词典

He shuffled his feet on the hard wooden floor...

他拖着脚在硬木地板上走动。

柯林斯高阶英语词典